Apnea del sueño: implicaciones cardiovasculares y tratamiento con máquinas de presión positiva continua (cpap) en latinoamérica
Sleep apnea: cardiovascular implications and treatment with continuous positive pressure (cpap) machines in latin america
Resumen
RESUMEN La Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (AOS) es un trastorno caracterizado por colapsos faríngeos recurrentes que inducen hipoxia intermitente y fragmentación del sueño, actuando como un catalizador crítico de patologías cardiovasculares en Latinoamérica y el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre AOS y complicaciones cardíacas, evaluando la eficacia y barreras del tratamiento Presión Positiva Continua en la Vía Aérea (CPAP) en la región. Para ello, se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library y Google Scholar entre febrero y marzo de 2026. Los resultados destacan que la AOS presenta una prevalencia de hasta el 90% en pacientes con hipertensión resistente. El tratamiento con CPAP demuestra una reducción significativa de la presión arterial y del riesgo de fibrilación auricular. No obstante, en Latinoamérica, el cumplimiento terapéutico es bajo (40-60%) debido a los altos gastos directos de bolsillo de dicho tratamiento y a la falta de cobertura en sistemas de salud pública. En definitiva, existe una brecha crítica entre la eficacia clínica del CPAP y su implementación real. La falta de laboratorios de sueño y el costo de los equipos (USD 500-3.000) convierten a la AOS en un factor de riesgo infradiagnosticado que eleva el gasto hospitalario por infartos y accidentes cerebrovasculares evitables. Por tanto, la AOS es un desafío diagnóstico mayor para la salud pública. El tratamiento con CPAP es una intervención costo-beneficio esencial para mitigar la carga cardiovascular regional, siempre que esté garantizado el acceso económico y el seguimiento clínico del paciente.
ABSTRACT Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by recurrent pharyngeal collapses that induce intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, acting as a critical catalyst for cardiovascular pathologies globally and in Latin America. This study aims to analyze the relationship between OSA and cardiac complications while evaluating the efficacy and barriers of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) treatment in the region. To achieve this, a narrative review of the scientific literature was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases between February and March 2026. Results highlight that OSA exhibits a prevalence of up to 90% in patients with resistant hypertension. CPAP therapy demonstrates a significant reduction in blood pressure and the risk of atrial fibrillation. However, compliance in Latin America is low (40-60%) due to high out-of-pocket costs and a lack of coverage in public health systems. Consequently, a critical gap remains between clinical efficacy and real-world implementation. The scarcity of sleep laboratories and high equipment costs (USD 500-3,000) render OSA an underdiagnosed risk factor that escalates hospital expenditures due to preventable myocardial infarctions and strokes. OSA represents a major diagnostic challenge for public health. CPAP therapy stands as an essential, cost-beneficial intervention to mitigate the regional cardiovascular burden, provided that financial access and clinical follow-up are guaranteed.
Recibido: 01-05-2026.
Aceptado: 03-06-2026.
Publicado: 25-09-2026
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Depósito Legal Electrónico: ME2016000090
ISSN Electrónico: 2610-797X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53766/GICOS
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